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soluuhuong1
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REF: 547004
06/21/2010
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I. Definition: Adverb is a part of speech which includes words giving meaning to a verb, an adjective, another adverb, and even the whole sentence. They express some additional circumstances attending an action or a quality: the time, place or manner of an action, the degree of a quality, etc.
II. Classification:
1. Adverbs of MANNER
2. Adverbs of PLACE
3. Adverbs of TIME
4. Adverbs of FREQUENCY
5. Adverbs of DEGREE
6. INTENSIFIERS
1. Adverbs of MANNER: are used to denote the manner of an action, the way in which something is done, and very often they answer the question how?. Most of adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to adjectives:
Plain ==> plainly; sudden ==> suddenly; beautiful ==> beautifully; happy ==> happily.
In many cases, adverbs of manner can be expressed by prepositional phrases: By bus; in a loud voice; on foot; in a hurry; etc. to refer to means or method.
+ Adverbs of manner are placed after the object, verb, an adverb particle, sometimes between the subject and the verb, or at the beginning of the sentence for the sake of emphasis.
Eg: She took it down carefully. The children looked at the monkey curiously.
* Special forms: fast, hard, well
2. Adverbs of PLACE : are used to denote the location, position or the direction of an action. Denoting location or position answers the question Where?. Denoting direction answers the question Where to?, Where from? (abroad, ahead, here, there, left,; anywhere, nowhere, far away, over there,; at the Bakers; in the garden; on the left; from New York,)
+ Adverbs of place are placed after adverbs of manner and before adverbs of time, or at the beginning of the sentence.
Eg: She read those books silently in the library all day.
In his village, most of the men are farmers.
3. Adverbs of TIME: are used to denote the time of an action, they refer to definite time (today, on Tuesday), duration of time (since July, for 2 weeks), and indefinite time (now, then, lately, soon, eventually). They answer the question When?, Since when?, How long?
+ The position of adverbs of time is very flexible. They can be used at the beginning, at the end of the sentence or other places to serve the purpose of their modification.
Eg: She started her new job last Monday. They have lived here for over 20 years.
4. Adverbs of FREQUENCY: are used to denote the frequency of the action either definitely or indefinitely. They answer the question How often?
Eg: always, usually, generally, seldom, never, once a week, twice a month, every other day,
+ They are used for mid-position, at the end-position at the beginning of the sentence.
Eg: He doesnt come here often. Sometimes it rains in the winter. I usually visit her every Monday.
5. Adverbs of DEGREE: are used to denote the degree to which the action is performed and they broadly answer the question to what extent? : almost, altogether, barely, a bit, fairly, enough, quite, rather, somewhat,
Most of adverbs of degree go before the word or words they modify.
Eg: We quite enjoy our holiday in the mountains. They arrived at the station too late, so they missed the train. The water at the sea is warm enough to swim.
6. INTENSIFIERS: are adverbs which are used with gradable adjectives and adverbs and normally strengthen the meaning. They are usually used before the words that they give meaning to. They can be used with adjectives, adverbs, past participles, ing-form adjectives, adjective + noun.
Eg: She usually works hard ==> She usually works very hard.
His sister is extremely helpful. She drove really slowly.
The film is terribly boring. He is a particularly good worker.
We are greatly surprised at what she says.
III. FORMS OF ADVERB and ADVERB FORMATIONS:
1/ Simple adverbs, which have no endings to show that they are adverbs: here, there, how, then, now, quite, still.
2/ Derived adverbs are formed by the following ways:
- Adj + ly: quickly, carefully, happily, really.
- N + ly : daily, weekly, monthly, yearly (these can also be used as adjectives)
- N + ways / wards / wise : sideways, homewards, clockwise, etc.
- a + N : ahead, abroad, asleep, etc.
- In/out + N : inside, outdoor, etc.
3/ Compound adverbs and Phrase adverbs : however, otherwise, anywhere, notwithstanding, therefore, at once, at last, at least, etc.
*** Many adverbs share the same forms. Some of them share the same meaning, others do not.
Eg: back door stand back. Fast runner run fast.
But: a pretty girl ==> she is pretty well. A short journey ==> The car stopped short.
*** Many other adverbs have the different forms but some of them share the same meaning, some others have different meanings.
Eg: He bought this cheap / cheaply. We must play fair / fairly.
But: The car stopped short. He will come shortly.
She works hard. She works hardly at all.
IV. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS:
- one or two syllables form: comparatives and superlatives in the same way of short adjectives
Eg: early earlier (the) earliest. Fast- faster (the) fastest.
- Most of adverbs of manner and adverbs of frequency have two or more syllables form:
More / less (the) most / least
Eg: quickly more quickly (the) most quickest.
- The positive degree of adverbs is similar to that of adjectives:
Mary sings as sweetly as her sister does.
- Some irregular forms:
Well better (the) best. Badly worse (the) worst. Far farther/further (the) farthest/furthest.
Late later (the) latest. Little less (the) least. Much more (the) most.
V. INVERSION AFTER ADVERBS:
1. After here, there:, and after adverb particles such as: back, down, off, up ==> the noun subject comes after the verb. This is common with verbs of motion.
Eg: Here comes a taxi. There goes the last train.
- This kind of inversion is common after be when we are offering things or identifying location:
Eg: Here is a cup of coffee for you. There is Adam Smith.
- This kind of inversion is not used if the subject is a pronoun.
Eg: Here it comes / Up it went / There she goes.
2. After adverbs of place, the noun subject (not the pronoun subject) can follow the verb.
Eg: At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel. In the distance could be seen the purple mountains.
3. After negative or near-negative adverbs, often of time and frequency and the combination with only, so, such, the subject goes after the auxiliary verbs.
Eg: Never have I seen such a beautiful flower show.
Little does he realize how important the matter is.
Only then did he realize the danger of the situation.
So sudden was the attack (that) they had no time to escape.
Such was his strength that he could bend iron rods.
Not only do they rob her, they smash everything too.
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